Thursday, May 20, 2021

How tenuous is the Democratic advantage in the Senate

16 states currently have a partisan split between the Governor and the Senators. Of these 16 states, 9 allow the Governor to appoint a replacement from a different party until the expiry of the original term, or the next statewide election: Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Maine, New Hampshire, Montana, Ohio, and West Virginia. A further three also allow gubernatorial appointments from a different party, but with a proximate special election to be held: Louisiana, Massachusetts, and Vermont.

7 of those states have Republican governors and Democratic senators and 2 have Democratic governors and Republican senators, meaning there are many more opportunities for Republicans to flip the Senate with an opportune death than there are for Democrats. And more so since the Democrats are older. The Democratic Senators by state and age are:
And the Republican are
Using the Social Security actuarial life table and the some high school math, it turns out that, when Congress started, there was a 49.44% chance that one of these critical Democratic Senators would die before 2023. There's only a 12.55% chance that one of the Republicans will. [Note: US Senators are likely of better health, and definitely have access to better care, than the average American their age does and so these numbers are likely inflated.] That means there was 43.23% chance that at least one of the Democrats would die and none of the Republicans would and the Senate would flip (This ignores the rare situations in which two Democrats die and only one of these Republicans, or three and two or five and four, etc...).

With each day that probability goes down. At the start of 2022, the probabilities will be 29.56%, 6.72% and 27.57% and then continue to drop. [Update: While true at the beginning of 2022, it quickly got worse when Republican Glenn Youngkin flipped the Virginia Governor's mansion creating two more at risk Democratic seats. Tim Kaine is 64 and Mark Warner is 67.]

Nonetheless, every day the Democrats don't pass the legislation they want to pass they're rolling the dice and the dice are not in their favor. RBG gambled too when she didn't resign while Democrats controlled the Senate and liberals lost when she did. 

Tuesday, February 2, 2021

The Republican Party's Senate Advantage

The US Senate is perhaps the least democratic body in the world. And the ways in which it's undemocratic - with each state getting 2 senators regardless of population and winner take all elections - happens to create an advantage for Republicans. This advantage has been reported in several different ways such as how many people the Senators represent

Today, according to Drutman’s figures, the 47 Democratic senators represent almost 169 million people, while the 53 Republican senators represent about 158 million.

Or how many people voted for each 

In the new Senate, the 46 Democrats will have received 20 million more votes than the 54 Republicans.

Neither of these seem like the right way to demonstrate the advantage. The problem with the first method stems from the word "represent." Someone can represent you - legally - without representing you philosophically. If one party won all 100 seats by just 1 vote each, they would legally represent everyone, but not policy-wise.

The second method ignores all the people who voted against someone. 

Instead, the right way is compare everyone who voted for Democrats in the Senate's 100 races to everyone who voted for Republicans in those same races. If we do that it turns out that Republicans haven't had the advantage in votes since January 2, 2001 even though they've controlled the Senate for nearly 13 of the 20 years since then.


On the plot above, the purple line shows how many more (or fewer) people voted for Democrats in the 100 Senate elections that fill the seats at any given time The blue streaks show the periods of Democratic control of the Senate. You can see that Democrats have had a vote advantage of millions, but it has not resulted in control of the Senate. Over the past 4 years, their vote advantage was more than 10 million votes and yet they didn't control the Senate.

A few caveats about the data. 
  • When a seat is filled by an appointee, it doesn't count in the total (both Democrats and Republicans get zero votes). 
  • Senators are counted with the party they caucus with, unless they switch parties mid-term. So votes for Bernie Sanders count as votes for Democrats, but votes for Jim Jeffords following his 2001 switch still counted for Republicans. 
  • In jungle primaries or California's top-2 system, the votes from the runoff are used, unless only one party advances and then the votes from the primary are used with each parties candidates votes added together. 





https://www.brookings.edu/experts/molly-e-reynolds/

https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/senate-states-republican-control/2020/11/18/571573e0-2915-11eb-92b7-6ef17b3fe3b4_story.html